Argentina

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Introduction - Argentina:
Country	Argentina
Background	In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. Eventually, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their own way, but the area that remained became Argentina. The countrys population and culture were subsequently heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, but most particularly Italy and Spain, which provided the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentinas history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions. After World War II, an era of Peronist authoritarian rule and interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the resignation of several interim presidents. The economy has recovered strongly since bottoming out in 2002. The government renegotiated its public debt in 2005 and paid off its remaining obligations to the IMF in early 2006.
Location - Argentina:
Location	Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay
Geographic coordinates	34 00 S, 64 00 W
Map references	South America
Area	total: 2,766,890 sq km land: 2,736,690 sq km water: 30,200 sq km
Area comparative	slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US
Land boundaries	total: 9,861 km border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,261 km, Chile 5,308 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 580 km
Coastline	4,989 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate	mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Terrain	rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Laguna del Carbon -105 m (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz) highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza)
Natural resources	fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Land use	arable land: 10.03% permanent crops: 0.36% other: 89.61% (2005)
Irrigated land	15,500 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards	San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding
Environment current issues	environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets
Environment international agreements	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography note	second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemispheres tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere
People - Argentina:
Population	40,301,927 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure	0-14 years: 24.9% (male 5,134,958/female 4,905,181) 15-64 years: 64.4% (male 12,979,588/female 12,967,507) 65 years and over: 10.7% (male 1,769,593/female 2,545,100) (2007 est.)
Median age	total: 29.9 years male: 29 years female: 31 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate	0.938% (2007 est.)
Birth rate	16.53 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate	7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate	0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.047 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.001 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.695 male(s)/female total population: 0.974 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate	total: 14.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 16.11 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 76.32 years male: 72.6 years female: 80.24 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate	2.13 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	0.7% (2001 est.)
Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	130,000 (2001 est.)
Hiv aids deaths	1,500 (2003 est.)
Nationality	noun: Argentine(s) adjective: Argentine
Ethnic groups	white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%
Religions	nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%
Languages	Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.2% male: 97.2% female: 97.2% (2001 census)
Government - Argentina:
Country name	conventional long form: Argentine Republic conventional short form: Argentina local long form: Republica Argentina local short form: Argentina
Government type	republic
Capital	name: Buenos Aires geographic coordinates: 34 36 S, 58 40 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions	23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur, Tucuman note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica
Independence	9 July 1816 (from Spain)
National holiday	Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)
Constitution	1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Legal system	mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch	chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 27 April 2003 (next election to be held on 28 October 2007) election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April 2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other 8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on the eve of the election
Legislative branch	bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote; presently one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are elected by direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two years to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 23 October 2005 (next to be held in 2007); Chamber of Deputies - last held last held 23 October 2005 (next to be held in 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - FV 45.1%, FJ 17.2%, UCR 7.5%, other 30.2%; seats by bloc or party - FV 14, FJ 3, UCR 2, other 5; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - FV 29.9%, UCR 8.9%, ARI 7.2%, PJ 6.7%, PRO 6.2%, FJ 3.9%, other 37.2%; seats by bloc or party - FV 50, UCR 10, PJ 9, PRO 9, ARI 8, FJ 7, other 34; note - Senate and Chamber of Deputies seating reflect the number of replaced senators and deputies, rather than the whole Senate and Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch	Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the nine Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president with approval by the Senate) note: the Supreme Court currently has two unfilled vacancies, and the Argentine Congress is considering a bill to reduce the number of Supreme Court judges to five
Political parties and leaders	Affirmation for an Egalitarian Republic or ARI [Elisa CARRIO]; Front for Victory or FV [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12 parties including PRO); Justicialist Front or FJ; Justicialist Party or PJ (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Gerardo MORALES]; Republican Proposal or PRO (including Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY] and Commitment for Change or CPC [Mauricio MACRI]); Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia BULLRICH]; several provincial parties
Political pressure groups and leaders	Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers association); Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners association); business organizations; Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union for employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government); Roman Catholic Church; students
International organization participation	ABEDA, AfDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (associate), CPLP (associate), CSN, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Octavio BORDON chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 238-6400 FAX: [1] (202) 332-3171 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Earl Anthony WAYNE embassy: Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires mailing address: international mail: use embassy street address; APO address: Unit 4334, APO AA 34034 telephone: [54] (11) 5777-4533 FAX: [54] (11) 5777-4240
Flag description	three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May
Economy - Argentina:
Economy overview	Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the worlds wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight. Beginning in 1998, with external debt equivalent to more than 400% of annual exports, the economy slowed and ultimately fell into a full-blown depression; investors fears grew in the wake of Russias debt default, Brazils devaluation, and the political discord caused by then-President Carlos MENEMs unpopular efforts to run for a constitutionally prohibited third term. The government of Fernando DE LA RUA, elected President in late 1999, tried several measures to cut the fiscal deficit and instill confidence and received large IMF credit facilities, but nothing worked to revive the economy. Depositors began withdrawing money from the banks in late 2001, and the government responded with strict limits on withdrawals. When street protests turned deadly, DE LA RUA was forced to resign in December 2001. Interim President Adolfo Rodriguez SAA declared a default - the largest in history - on Argentinas foreign debt, but he stepped down only a few days later when he failed to garner political support from the countrys governors. Eduardo DUHALDE became President in January 2002 and announced an end to the pesos decade-long 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar. When the peso depreciated and inflation rose, DUHALDEs government froze utility tariffs, curtailed creditors rights, and imposed high taxes on exports. The economy rebounded strongly from the crisis, inflation started falling, and DUHALDE called for special elections. Nestor KIRCHNER was elected President, taking office in May 2003, and continued the restrictions imposed by DUHALDE. With the reemergence of double-digit inflation in 2005, the KIRCHNER administration pressured businesses into a series of agreements to hold down prices. The government also restructured its debt in 2005 and paid off its IMF obligations in early 2006, reducing Argentinas external debt burden. Real GDP growth averaged 9% during the period 2003-06, bolstering government revenues and keeping the budget in surplus.
Gdp purchasing power parity	$608.8 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp official exchange rate	$210 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp real growth rate	8.5% (2006 est.)
Gdp per capita ppp	$15,200 (2006 est.)
Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 9.5% industry: 35.8% services: 54.7% (2005 est.)
Labor force	15.35 million (2006 est.)
Labor force by occupation	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Unemployment rate	8.7% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line	26.9% (July-December 2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 1% highest 10%: 35% (June 2006)
Distribution of family income gini index	48.3 (June 2006)
Inflation rate consumer prices	9.8% (2006)
Investment gross fixed	22.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget	revenues: $52.1 billion expenditures: $47.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $5.4 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt	61% of GDP (2006)
Agriculture products	sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat; livestock
Industries	food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
Industrial production growth rate	8.2% (2006 est.)
Electricity production	93.94 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity consumption	90.93 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity exports	4.143 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity imports	7.7 billion kWh (2004)
Oil production	745,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil consumption	470,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil exports	367,600 bbl/day (2004)
Oil imports	21,650 bbl/day (2004)
Oil proved reserves	2.675 billion bbl (1 January 2005 est.)
Natural gas production	44.88 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas consumption	37.85 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas exports	7.83 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas imports	800 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas proved reserves	612.5 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance	$8.053 billion (2006)
Exports	$46.6 billion f.o.b. (2006)
Exports commodities	edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor vehicles
Exports partners	Brazil 16.9%, Chile 8.9%, US 8.4%, China 7.3% (2006)
Imports	$31.69 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports commodities	machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal manufactures, plastics
Imports partners	Brazil 36.1%, US 14.9%, China 6.3%, Germany 5.1% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$32.07 billion (2006)
Debt external	$109 billion (30 December 2006)
Economic aid recipient	$0 (2002)
Currency code	Argentine peso (ARS)
Exchange rates	Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.0543 (2006), 2.9037 (2005), 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006 (2003), 3.0633 (2002)
Communications - Argentina:
Fiscal year	calendar year
Telephones main lines in use	9.46 million (2006)
Telephones mobile cellular	31.51 million (2006)
Telephone system	general assessment: by opening the telecommunications market to competition and foreign investment with the Telecommunications Liberalization Plan of 1998, Argentina encouraged the growth of modern telecommunications technology; fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major cities; the major networks are entirely digital and the availability of telephone service is improving; however, telephone density is presently minimal, and making telephone service universally available will take time domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone use is rapidly expanding international: country code - 54; satellite earth stations - 112; Atlantis II and Unisur submarine cables; 2 international gateways near Buenos Aires (2005)
Radio broadcast stations	AM 260 (includes 10 inactive stations), FM (probably more than 1,000, mostly unlicensed), shortwave 6 (1998)
Television broadcast stations	42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)
Internet country code	.ar
Internet hosts	1.612 million (2006)
Internet users	8.184 million (2006)
Transportation - Argentina:
Airports	1,381 (2006)
Airports with paved runways	total: 154 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 65 914 to 1,523 m: 50 under 914 m: 9 (2006)
Airports with unpaved runways	total: 1,227 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 49 914 to 1,523 m: 587 under 914 m: 587 (2006)
Pipelines	gas 29,804 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 10,373 km; refined products 8,540 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2006)
Railways	total: 31,902 km broad gauge: 20,858 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified) standard gauge: 2,885 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified) narrow gauge: 7,922 km 1.000-m gauge; 237 km 0.750-m gauge (2006)
Roadways	total: 229,144 km paved: 68,809 km (includes 734 km of expressways) unpaved: 160,335 km (2004)
Waterways	11,000 km (2006)
Merchant marine	total: 41 ships (1000 GRT or over) 435,969 GRT/707,767 DWT by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 10, chemical tanker 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 21, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 11 (Chile 6, UK 4, Uruguay 1) registered in other countries: 24 (Bolivia 1, Chile 1, Liberia 7, Panama 9, Paraguay 3, Uruguay 3) (2006)
Ports and terminals	Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Concepcion del Uruguay, La Plata, Punta Colorada, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin, San Nicolas
Military - Argentina:
Military branches	Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA) (2007)
Military service age and obligation	18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)
Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 8,981,886 females age 18-49: 8,883,756 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 7,316,038 females age 18-49: 7,442,589 (2005 est.)
Military note	the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the countrys prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is now implementing Plan 2000, aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2005)
Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 344,575 females age 18-49: 334,649 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures percent of gdp	1.3% (2005 est.)
Trafficking in persons	current situation: Argentina is primarily a destination country for women and children trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation with most victims trafficked internally, from rural to urban areas, for exploitation in prostitution; foreign women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation come primarily from Paraguay, but also from Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Chile; Bolivians are trafficked for forced labor; Argentine women and girls are also trafficked to neighboring countries for sexual exploitation tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Argentina failed to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking particularly in the key area of prosecutions
Disputes international	Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in January 2007, ICJ provisionally ruled Uruguay may begin construction of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina, while the court examines further whether Argentina has the legal right to stop such construction with potential environmental implications to both countries; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)