Australia

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Introduction - Australia:
Country	Australia
Background	Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECDs fastest growing economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.
Location - Australia:
Location	Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates	27 00 S, 133 00 E
Map references	Oceania
Area	total: 7,686,850 sq km land: 7,617,930 sq km water: 68,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Area comparative	slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states
Land boundaries	0 km
Coastline	25,760 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate	generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain	mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m
Natural resources	bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Land use	arable land: 6.15% (includes about 27 million hectares of cultivated grassland) permanent crops: 0.04% other: 93.81% (2005)
Irrigated land	25,450 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards	cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
Environment current issues	soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources
Environment international agreements	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography note	worlds smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the Fremantle Doctor affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most consistent winds in the world
People - Australia:
Population	20,434,176 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure	0-14 years: 19.3% (male 2,023,375/female 1,929,229) 15-64 years: 67.4% (male 6,945,068/female 6,831,653) 65 years and over: 13.2% (male 1,197,494/female 1,507,357) (2007 est.)
Median age	total: 37.1 years male: 36.3 years female: 38 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate	0.824% (2007 est.)
Birth rate	12.02 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate	7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate	3.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.049 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.017 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.794 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate	total: 4.57 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.95 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 80.62 years male: 77.75 years female: 83.63 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate	1.76 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	0.1% (2003 est.)
Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	14,000 (2003 est.)
Hiv aids deaths	less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality	noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian
Ethnic groups	white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Religions	Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001 Census)
Languages	English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)
Government - Australia:
Country name	conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: Australia
Government type	federal parliamentary democracy
Capital	name: Canberra geographic coordinates: 35 17 S, 149 13 E time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in October; ends last Sunday in March note: Australia is divided into three time zones
Dependent areas	Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
Administrative divisions	6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
Independence	1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)
National holiday	Australia Day, 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
Constitution	9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Legal system	based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch	chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003) head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005) cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to serve as government ministers elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Legislative branch	bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the six states and 2 from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential vote to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than 5 representatives) elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Greens 4, Democrats 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, independents 3
Judicial branch	High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general)
Political parties and leaders	Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party [Jodeen CARNEY]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]
International organization participation	ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis J. RICHARDSON chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000 FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Robert D. McCALLUM, Jr. embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 mailing address: APO AP 96549 telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600 FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970 consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Flag description	blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australias internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
Economy - Australia:
Economy overview	Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies. Robust business and consumer confidence and high export prices for raw materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy. Australias emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economys strength. Drought and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up in recent years, although the trade balance improved in 2006. Housing prices probably peaked in 2005, diminishing the prospect that interest rates would be raised to prevent a speculative bubble. Conservative fiscal policies have kept Australias budget in surplus since 2002.
Gdp purchasing power parity	$674.6 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp official exchange rate	$644.7 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp real growth rate	2.7% (2006 est.)
Gdp per capita ppp	$33,300 (2006 est.)
Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 3.8% industry: 26.2% services: 70% (2005 est.)
Labor force	10.66 million (2006 est.)
Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 3.6% industry: 21.2% services: 75.2% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate	4.9% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)
Distribution of family income gini index	35.2 (1994)
Inflation rate consumer prices	3.8% (2006 est.)
Investment gross fixed	26.8% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget	revenues: $267 billion expenditures: $258 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)
Public debt	14.1% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture products	wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle, sheep, poultry
Industries	mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel
Industrial production growth rate	-3.5% (2006 est.)
Electricity production	225.3 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity consumption	209.5 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity exports	0 kWh (2004)
Electricity imports	0 kWh (2004)
Oil production	530,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil consumption	877,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil exports	333,200 bbl/day (2004)
Oil imports	611,400 bbl/day (2004)
Oil proved reserves	1.491 billion bbl (1 January 2005)
Natural gas production	37.03 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas consumption	26.37 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas exports	10.66 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas imports	0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas proved reserves	821.2 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance	-$41.62 billion (2006 est.)
Exports	$117 billion (2006 est.)
Exports commodities	coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and transport equipment
Exports partners	Japan 19.6%, China 12.3%, South Korea 7.5%, US 6.2%, India 5.5%, NZ 5.5%, UK 5% (2006)
Imports	$127.7 billion (2006 est.)
Imports commodities	machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products
Imports partners	China 14.4%, US 14.1%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 6%, Germany 5.1% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$48.25 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid donor	ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)
Debt external	$585.1 billion (30 June 2006 est.)
Currency code	Australian dollar (AUD)
Exchange rates	Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002)
Communications - Australia:
Fiscal year	1 July - 30 June
Telephones main lines in use	9.94 million (2006)
Telephones mobile cellular	19.76 million (2006)
Telephone system	general assessment: excellent domestic and international service domestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular telephones international: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 19 (10 Intelsat - 4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean, 2 Inmarsat - Indian and Pacific Ocean regions, 2 Globalstar, 5 other) (2005)
Radio broadcast stations	AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations	104 (1997)
Internet country code	.au
Internet hosts	7.773 million (2006)
Internet users	15.3 million (2006)
Transportation - Australia:
Airports	455 (2006)
Airports with paved runways	total: 311 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 133 914 to 1,523 m: 143 under 914 m: 13 (2006)
Airports with unpaved runways	total: 144 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 111 under 914 m: 15 (2006)
Heliports	1 (2006)
Pipelines	condensate/gas 546 km; gas 31,323 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 4,808 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2006)
Railways	total: 38,550 km broad gauge: 3,727 km 1.600-m gauge standard gauge: 20,519 km 1.435-m gauge (1,877 km electrified) narrow gauge: 14,074 km 1.067-m gauge (2,453 km electrified) dual gauge: 230 km dual gauge (2006)
Roadways	total: 810,641 km paved: 336,962 km unpaved: 473,679 km (2004)
Waterways	2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling river systems) (2006)
Merchant marine	total: 53 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,361,000 GRT/1,532,874 DWT by type: bulk carrier 17, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 5 foreign-owned: 17 (Canada 1, France 3, Germany 3, Japan 1, Netherlands 2, Norway 1, Philippines 1, UK 2, US 3) registered in other countries: 34 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Bahamas 2, Bermuda 3, Fiji 1, Hong Kong 1, Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 2, Netherlands 1, NZ 2, Panama 3, Portugal 1, Singapore 7, Tonga 1, UK 3, US 2, Vanuatu 2) (2006)
Ports and terminals	Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney
Military - Australia:
Military branches	Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command (2006)
Military service age and obligation	16 years of age for voluntary service; women allowed to serve in Army combat units in non-combat support roles (2001)
Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 4,943,676 females age 18-49: 4,821,264 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service	males age 16-49: 4,092,717 females age 16-49: 3,983,447 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 142,158 females age 16-49: 135,675 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures percent of gdp	2.4% (2006)
Disputes international	East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in the Timor Sea; Indonesian groups challenge Australias claim to Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catch; regional states continue to express concern over Australias 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers or roughly thirty percent of its claimed exclusive economic zone; since 2003, Australian Defense Force leads the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order and reinforce regional security