Brazil

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Introduction - Brazil:
Country	Brazil


Background	Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822 and a republic in 1889. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the country when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South Americas leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution remains a pressing problem.


Location - Brazil:
Location	Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Geographic coordinates	10 00 S, 55 00 W

Map references	South America

Area	total: 8,511,965 sq km land: 8,456,510 sq km water: 55,455 sq km note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

Area comparative	slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries	total: 16,885 km border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730.4 km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Coastline	7,491 km

Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate	mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain	mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

Natural resources	bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use	arable land: 6.93% permanent crops: 0.89% other: 92.18% (2005)

Irrigated land	29,200 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards	recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south

Environment current issues	deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

Environment international agreements	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography note	largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

People - Brazil:
Population	190,010,647 note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)

Age structure	0-14 years: 25.3% (male 24,554,254/female 23,613,027) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 64,437,140/female 65,523,447) 65 years and over: 6.3% (male 4,880,562/female 7,002,217) (2007 est.)

Median age	total: 28.6 years male: 27.9 years female: 29.4 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate	1.008% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	16.3 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate	-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.983 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.697 male(s)/female total population: 0.976 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate	total: 27.62 deaths/1,000 live births male: 31.27 deaths/1,000 live births female: 23.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth	total population: 72.24 years male: 68.3 years female: 76.38 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate	1.88 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	0.7% (2003 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	660,000 (2003 est.)

Hiv aids deaths	15,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality	noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups	white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census)

Religions	Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census)

Languages	Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.6% male: 88.4% female: 88.8% (2004 est.)

Government - Brazil:
Country name	conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil conventional short form: Brazil local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil local short form: Brasil

Government type	federal republic

Capital	name: Brasilia geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 W time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February note: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands

Administrative divisions	26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

Independence	7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday	Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution	5 October 1988

Legal system	based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage	voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do not vote

Executive branch	chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1 October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October 2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010) election results: Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) reelected president - 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%

Legislative branch	bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third and two-thirds elected every four years, alternately) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Federal Senate - last held 1 October 2006 for one-third of the Senate (next to be held in October 2010 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010) election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PFL 6, PSDB 5, PMDB 4, PTB 3, PT 2, PDT 1, PSB 1, PL 1, PPS 1, PRTB 1, PP 1, PCdoB 1; total seats following election - PFL 18, PMDB 15, PSDB 15, PT 11, PDT 5, PTB 4, PSB 3, PL 3, PCdoB 2, PRB 2, PPS 1, PRTB 1, PP 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PMDB 89, PT 83, PFL 65, PSDB 65, PP 42, PSB 27, PDT 24, PL 23, PTB 22, PPS 21, PCdoB 13, PV 13, PSC 9, other 17

Judicial branch	Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life); note - though appointed for life, judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

Political parties and leaders	Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz]; Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS SANTOS]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso JEREISSATI]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Governor Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES]; Freedom and Socialism Party or PSOL [Heloisa HELENA]; Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS; Liberal Front Party or PFL (now known as the Democrats Party or DEM); Liberal Party or PL; Partido Municipalista Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO]; Party of the Republic or PR [Sergio TAMER]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian Party or PSC; Workers Party or PT [Ricardo Jose Ribeiro BERZOINI]

Political pressure groups and leaders	Landless Workers Movement; labor unions and federations; large farmers associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church

International organization participation	AfDB, BIS, CAN (associate), CPLP, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar PATRIOTA chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700 FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030 telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000 FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136 consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo consulate(s): Recife

Flag description	green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

Economy - Brazil:
Economy overview	Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazils economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2001-03 real wages fell and Brazils economy grew, on average only 2.2% per year, as the country absorbed a series of domestic and international economic shocks. That Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the economic program put in place by former President CARDOSO and strengthened by President LULA DA SILVA. Since 2004, Brazil has enjoyed continued growth that yielded increases in employment and real wages. The three pillars of the economic program are a floating exchange rate, an inflation-targeting regime, and tight fiscal policy, initially reinforced by a series of IMF programs. The currency depreciated sharply in 2001 and 2002, which contributed to a dramatic current account adjustment; from 2003 to 2006, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. Productivity gains - particularly in agriculture - also contributed to the surge in exports. While economic management has been good, there remain important economic vulnerabilities. The most significant are debt-related: the governments largely domestic debt increased steadily from 1994 to 2003 - straining government finances - before falling as a percentage of GDP beginning in 2003. Brazil improved its debt profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. LULA DA SILVA restated his commitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the countrys primary surplus during the 2006 election. Following his second inauguration, LULA DA SILVA announced a package of further economic reforms to reduce taxes and increase public investment. A major challenge will be to maintain sufficient growth to generate employment and reduce the government debt burden.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$1.655 trillion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$967 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	3.7% (2006 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp	$8,800 (2006 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 8% industry: 38% services: 54% (2006 est.)

Labor force	96.34 million (2006 est.)

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 20% industry: 14% services: 66% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate	9.6% (2006 est.)

Population below poverty line	31% (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 31.27% (2002)

Distribution of family income gini index	56.7 (2005)

Inflation rate consumer prices	3% (2006 est.)

Investment gross fixed	20.2% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget	revenues: $244 billion expenditures: $219.9 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (FY07 est.)

Public debt	50% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture products	coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

Industries	textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrial production growth rate	3.2% (2006 est.)

Electricity production	546 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity consumption	415.9 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity exports	7 million kWh (2004)

Electricity imports	39 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2005)

Oil production	1.59 million bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil consumption	2.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil exports	278,400 bbl/day (2005)

Oil imports	674,500 bbl/day (2004)

Oil proved reserves	12.22 billion bbl (2006 est.)

Natural gas production	9.66 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption	17.28 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas exports	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas imports	8.07 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas proved reserves	306 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Current account balance	$13.5 billion (2006 est.)

Exports	$137.5 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports commodities	transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos

Exports partners	US 17.9%, Argentina 8.6%, China 8.2%, Germany 4.1% (2006)

Imports	$91.4 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports commodities	machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics

Imports partners	US 20.4%, Argentina 8.2%, China 7.8%, Germany 7.5% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$87.27 billion (January 2007 est.)

Debt external	$176.5 billion (30 November 2006 est.)

Economic aid recipient	$30 billion (2002)

Currency code	real (BRL)

Exchange rates	reals per US dollar - 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002)

Communications - Brazil:
Fiscal year	calendar year

Telephones main lines in use	38.8 million (2006)

Telephones mobile cellular	99.919 million (2006)

Telephone system	general assessment: good working system domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station

Radio broadcast stations	AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999)

Television broadcast stations	138 (1997)

Internet country code	.br

Internet hosts	6.508 million (2006)

Internet users	42.6 million (2006)

Transportation - Brazil:
Airports	4,276 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 714 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 24 1,524 to 2,437 m: 164 914 to 1,523 m: 464 under 914 m: 54 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 3,562 1,524 to 2,437 m: 81 914 to 1,523 m: 1,634 under 914 m: 1,847 (2006)

Heliports	417 (2006)

Pipelines	condensate/gas 244 km; gas 11,669 km; liquid petroleum gas 341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2006)

Railways	total: 29,295 km broad gauge: 4,932 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified) standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge narrow gauge: 23,773 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified) dual gauge: 396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km electrified) (2006)

Roadways	total: 1,751,868 km paved: 96,353 km unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

Waterways	50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2007)

Merchant marine	total: 137 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,038,923 GRT/3,057,820 DWT by type: bulk carrier 21, cargo 21, chemical tanker 8, container 8, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 47, roll on/roll off 8 foreign-owned: 15 (Chile 1, Germany 7, Norway 2, Spain 4, UK 1) registered in other countries: 5 (Ghana 1, Liberia 3, Marshall Islands 1) (2006)

Ports and terminals	Gebig, Itaqui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, San Sebasttiao, Santos, Sepetiba Terminal, Tubarao, Vitoria

Military - Brazil:
Military branches	Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB) (2007)

Military service age and obligation	21-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 9 to 12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are long-service volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Womens Reserve Corps (2001)

Manpower available for military service	males age 19-49: 45,586,036 females age 19-49: 45,728,704 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service	males age 19-49: 33,119,098 females age 19-49: 38,079,722 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 1,785,930 females age 19-49: 1,731,648 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures percent of gdp	2.6% (2006 est.)

Disputes international	unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina