Montenegro

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Introduction - Montenegro:
Country	Montenegro


Background	The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.


Location - Montenegro:
Location	Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Geographic coordinates	42 30 N, 19 18 E

Map references	Europe

Area	total: 14,026 sq km land: 13,812 sq km water: 214 sq km

Area comparative	slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries	total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km

Coastline	293.5 km

Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty

Climate	Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Terrain	highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Natural resources	bauxite, hydroelectricity

Land use	arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%

Irrigated land	NA

Natural hazards	destructive earthquakes

Environment current issues	pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor

Environment international agreements	party to: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution

Geography note	strategic location along the Adriatic coast

People - Montenegro:
Population	684,736 (July 2007 est.)

Population growth rate	-1% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	11.18 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Nationality	noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin

Ethnic groups	Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12%

Religions	Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic

Languages	Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian

Government - Montenegro:
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: Republika Crna Gora local short form: Crna Gora former: Peoples Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro

Government type	republic

Capital	name: Podgorica (administrative capital) geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: Cetinje (capital city)

Administrative divisions	21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Independence	3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)

National holiday	National Day, 13 July (1878)

Constitution	12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly); note - Montenegro is currently writing a new constitution set to be presented to Parliament in spring 2007

Legal system	based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage	18 years of age; universal

Executive branch	chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 13 November 2006) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%

Legislative branch	unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats in 2006) elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 40.6%, Serbian List 15.3%, Coalition SNP-NS-DSS 14.8%, PZP 13.9%, Liberals and Bosniaks 3.8%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 11.6%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Serbian List 12, Coalition SNP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Albanian minority parties 5

Judicial branch	Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)

Political parties and leaders	Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro or DPS-SDP (bloc) [Milo DUKANOVIC] (includes DPS and SDP); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes SNP, NS, and DSS); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Liberals and the Bosniak Party (bloc) [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] (includes LP and BS); Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; Party of Serb Radicals or SSR [Dusko SEKULIC]; Peoples Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Peoples Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC]; Serbian List (bloc) [Andrija MANDIC] (includes SSR, NSS, and SNS); Serbian Peoples Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist Peoples Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC]

International organization participation	CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICCt, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109

Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Arlene FERRILL embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 82000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [381] 81 225 417 FAX: [381] 81 241 358

Flag description	a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered

Economy - Montenegro:
Economy overview	The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$3.443 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$2.27 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	NA%

Gdp per capita ppp	$3,800 (2005 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force	259,100 (2004)

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate	27.7% (2005)

Population below poverty line	12.2% (2003)

Inflation rate consumer prices	3.4% (2004)

Investment gross fixed	NA% of GDP

Budget	revenues: NA expenditures: NA

Public debt	NA% of GDP

Agriculture products	grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible

Industries	steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Electricity production	2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity consumption	18.6 million kWh (2004)

Oil production	0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil consumption	450 bbl/day (2004)

Natural gas consumption	NA cu m

Current account balance	$NA

Exports	$171.3 million (2003)

Exports partners	Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2006)

Imports	$601.7 million (2003)

Imports partners	Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	NA

Debt external	$NA

Economic aid recipient	$NA

Currency code	euro (EUR)

Exchange rates	euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Communications - Montenegro:
Fiscal year	calendar year

Telephones main lines in use	353,300 (2006)

Telephones mobile cellular	821,800 (2006)

Telephone system	general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM wireless service, available through 2 providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly international: country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); 2 international switches connect the national system

Radio broadcast stations	31 (station types NA) (2004)

Television broadcast stations	13 (2004)

Internet country code	.me

Internet users	266,000 (2006)

Transportation - Montenegro:
Airports	5 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)

Railways	total: 250 km standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2006)

Roadways	total: 7,353 km paved: 4,274 km unpaved: 3,079 km (2005)

Merchant marine	total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT by type: cargo 4 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006)

Ports and terminals	Bar

Military - Montenegro:
Military service age and obligation	compulsory national military service abolished August 2006

Military note	Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces