Sudan

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Introduction - Sudan:
Country	Sudan


Background	Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in more than 4 million people displaced and, according to rebel estimates, more than 2 million deaths over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years. After which, a referendum for independence is scheduled to be held. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, has displaced nearly 2 million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. As of late 2006, peacekeeping troops were struggling to stabilize the situation, which has become increasingly regional in scope, and has brought instability to eastern Chad, and Sudanese incursions into the Central African Republic. Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia and Chad. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of government support have chronically obstructed the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations.


Location - Sudan:
Location	Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Geographic coordinates	15 00 N, 30 00 E

Map references	Africa

Area	total: 2,505,810 sq km land: 2.376 million sq km water: 129,810 sq km

Area comparative	slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

Land boundaries	total: 7,687 km border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Coastline	853 km

Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate	tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Terrain	generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south, northeast and west; desert dominates the north

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Red Sea 0 m highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Natural resources	petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower

Land use	arable land: 6.78% permanent crops: 0.17% other: 93.05% (2005)

Irrigated land	18,630 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards	dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Environment current issues	inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

Environment international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography note	largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries

People - Sudan:
Population	39,379,358 (July 2007 est.)

Age structure	0-14 years: 41.6% (male 8,371,628/female 8,016,880) 15-64 years: 56% (male 11,080,025/female 10,956,458) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 504,957/female 449,410) (2007 est.)

Median age	total: 18.7 years male: 18.6 years female: 18.9 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate	2.082% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	34.86 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate	0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.044 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.011 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.124 male(s)/female total population: 1.027 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate	total: 91.78 deaths/1,000 live births male: 91.95 deaths/1,000 live births female: 91.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth	total population: 49.11 years male: 48.24 years female: 50.03 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate	4.69 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	2.3% (2001 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	400,000 (2001 est.)

Hiv aids deaths	23,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality	noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: Sudanese

Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)

Ethnic groups	black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Religions	Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum), indigenous beliefs 25%

Languages	Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of Arabization in process

Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 61.1% male: 71.8% female: 50.5% (2003 est.)

Government - Sudan:
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan conventional short form: Sudan local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan local short form: As-Sudan former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Government type	Government of National Unity (GNU) - the National Congress Party (NCP) and Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM) formed a power-sharing government under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA); the NCP, which came to power by military coup in 1989, is the majority partner; the agreement stipulates national elections for the 2008 - 2009 timeframe.

Capital	name: Khartoum geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions	25 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Aali an Nil (Upper Nile), Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrat (Lakes), Al Jazirah (El Gezira), Al Khartum (Khartoum), Al Qadarif (Gedaref), Al Wahdah (Unity), An Nil al Abyad (White Nile), An Nil al Azraq (Blue Nile), Ash Shamaliyah (Northern), Bahr al Jabal (Bahr al Jabal), Gharb al Istiwaiyah (Western Equatoria), Gharb Bahr al Ghazal (Western Bahr al Ghazal), Gharb Darfur (Western Darfur), Janub Darfur (Southern Darfur), Janub Kurdufan (Southern Kordofan), Junqali (Jonglei), Kassala (Kassala), Nahr an Nil (Nile), Shamal Bahr al Ghazal (Northern Bahr al Ghazal), Shamal Darfur (Northern Darfur), Shamal Kurdufan (Northern Kordofan), Sharq al Istiwaiyah (Eastern Equatoria), Sinnar (Sinnar), Warab (Warab)

Independence	1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

National holiday	Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Constitution	constitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005

Legal system	based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; however, the CPA establishes some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; the southern legal system is still developing under the CPA following the civil war; Islamic law will not apply to the southern states

Suffrage	17 years of age; universal

Executive branch	chief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIRs cabinet elections: election last held 13-23 December 2000; next to be held no later than July 2009 under terms of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Jaafar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudans Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for the first time in March 1996

Legislative branch	bicameral National Legislature consists of a Council of States (50 seats; members indirectly elected by state legislatures to serve six-year terms) and a National Assembly (450 seats; members presently appointed, but in the future 75% of members to be directly elected and 25% elected in special or indirect elections; to serve six-year terms) elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held in 2008-2009 timeframe) election results: NCP 355, others 5; note - replaced by appointments under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement

Judicial branch	Constitutional Court of nine justices; National Supreme Court; National Courts of Appeal; other national courts; National Judicial Service Commission will undertake overall management of the National Judiciary

Political parties and leaders	National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed OMAR]; Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva Mayardit KIIR]; and elements of the National Democratic Alliance or NDA including factions of the Democratic Union Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] and Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi]; note - all political parties listed above in the Government of National Unity

Political pressure groups and leaders	Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]

International organization participation	ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires, Ad Interim John UKEC Lueth (since 17 October 2006) chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406

Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Alberto M. Fernandez embassy: Sharia Ali Abdul Latif Avenue, Khartoum mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829 telephone: [249] (183) 774701 FAX: [249] (183) 774137 note: US Consul in Cairo is providing backup service for Khartoum;

Flag description	three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Economy - Sudan:
Economy overview	Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems starting from its low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, high oil prices, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at about 10% in 2006. Agricultural production remains Sudans most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 35% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - resulting from the long-standing North/South civil war as well as the Darfur conflict, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years. In late 2006, the government announced its intention to introduce a new currency, the Sudan Pound, from January 2007 at an exchange rate of $1.00 equals 2 Sudanese Pounds.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$97.47 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$25.5 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	9.6% (2006 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp	$2,400 (2006 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 35.5% industry: 24.8% services: 39.7% (2006 est.)

Labor force	7.415 million (1996 est.)

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 80% industry: 7% services: 13% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate	18.7% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line	40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate consumer prices	9% (2006 est.)

Investment gross fixed	25.3% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget	revenues: $7.943 billion expenditures: $10.1 billion; including capital expenditures of $304 million (2006 est.)

Public debt	59.6% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture products	cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock

Industries	oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly

Industrial production growth rate	8.5% (1999 est.)

Electricity production	3.845 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity consumption	3.576 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity exports	0 kWh (2004)

Electricity imports	0 kWh (2004)

Oil production	344,700 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil consumption	66,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil exports	279,100 bbl/day (2004)

Oil imports	7,945 bbl/day (2004)

Oil proved reserves	1.6 billion bbl (2006 est.)

Natural gas production	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas proved reserves	84.95 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Current account balance	-$4.51 billion (2006 est.)

Exports	$7.505 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports commodities	oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar

Exports partners	Japan 49.6%, China 32%, Saudi Arabia 3.1% (2006)

Imports	$8.693 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports commodities	foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat

Imports partners	China 18.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.2%, UAE 5.8%, Egypt 5.3%, Germany 5.2%, India 4.6%, France 4.1% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$3.552 billion (2006 est.)

Debt external	$29.69 billion (2006 est.)

Economic aid recipient	$172 million (2001)

Currency code	Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Exchange rates	Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 217.2 (2006), 243.61 (2005), 257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003), 263.31 (2002)

Communications - Sudan:
Fiscal year	calendar year

Telephones main lines in use	636,900 (2006)

Telephones mobile cellular	4.683 million (2006)

Telephone system	general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: country code - 249; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Arabsat (2000)

Radio broadcast stations	AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Television broadcast stations	3 (1997)

Internet country code	.sd

Internet hosts	16 (2006)

Internet users	3.5 million (2006)

Transportation - Sudan:
Airports	88 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 15 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 73 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 37 under 914 m: 17 (2006)

Heliports	1 (2006)

Pipelines	gas 156 km; oil 3,930 km; refined products 1,613 km (2006)

Railways	total: 5,978 km narrow gauge: 4,578 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations (2006)

Roadways	total: 11,900 km paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (1999)

Waterways	4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile rivers) (2006)

Merchant marine	total: 2 ships (1000 GRT or over) 11,326 GRT/14,068 DWT by type: cargo 1, livestock carrier 1 registered in other countries: 2 (Panama 1, Saudi Arabia 1) (2006)

Ports and terminals	Port Sudan

Military - Sudan:
Military branches	Sudanese Peoples Armed Forces (SPAF): Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Forces (2007)

Military service age and obligation	18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation (2006)

Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 8,291,695 females age 18-49: 8,135,683 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 5,427,474 females age 18-49: 5,649,566 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 442,915 females age 18-49: 426,320 (2005 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 116,746 (Eritrea), 20,000 (Chad), 14,633 (Ethiopia), 7,895 (Uganda), 5,023 (Central African Republic) IDPs: 5,300,000 - 6,200,000 (internal conflict since 1980s; ongoing genocide in Darfur region, IDP registration for return to South Sudan started in 2005) (2006)

Military expenditures percent of gdp	3% (2005 est.)

Disputes international	the effects of Sudans almost constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, which includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, in turn, hosted about 116,000 Eritreans, 20,000 Chadians, and smaller numbers of Ethiopians, Ugandans, Central Africans, and Congolese as refugees; in February 2006, Sudan and DROC signed an agreement to repatriate 13,300 Sudanese and 6,800 Congolese; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; the boundary that separates Kenya and Sudans sovereignty is unclear in the Ilemi Triangle, which Kenya has administered since colonial times; while Sudan claims to administer the Halaib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel; both states withdrew their military presence in the 1990s, and Egypt has invested in and effectively administers the area; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic