Tanzania

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Introduction - Tanzania:
Country	Tanzania


Background	Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibars semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers claims of voting irregularities.


Location - Tanzania:
Location	Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Geographic coordinates	6 00 S, 35 00 E

Map references	Africa

Area	total: 945,087 sq km land: 886,037 sq km water: 59,050 sq km note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

Area comparative	slightly larger than twice the size of California

Land boundaries	total: 3,861 km border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Coastline	1,424 km

Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate	varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Terrain	plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Natural resources	hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

Land use	arable land: 4.23% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 94.61% (2005)

Irrigated land	1,840 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards	flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

Environment current issues	soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Environment international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography note	Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa; bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the worlds second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the worlds second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the southwest

People - Tanzania:
Population	39,384,223 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)

Age structure	0-14 years: 43.9% (male 8,666,227/female 8,624,387) 15-64 years: 53.3% (male 10,330,727/female 10,649,507) 65 years and over: 2.8% (male 491,252/female 622,123) (2007 est.)

Median age	total: 17.7 years male: 17.4 years female: 17.9 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate	2.091% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	35.95 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate	-1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.005 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate	total: 71.69 deaths/1,000 live births male: 78.84 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth	total population: 50.71 years male: 49.41 years female: 52.04 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate	4.77 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	8.8% (2003 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	1.6 million (2003 est.)

Hiv aids deaths	160,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality	noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian

Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, Rift Valley fever and plague are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2007)

Ethnic groups	mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Religions	mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Languages	Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic total population: 69.4% male: 77.5% female: 62.2% (2002 census)

Government - Tanzania:
Country name	conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania conventional short form: Tanzania local long form: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania local short form: Tanzania former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Government type	republic

Capital	name: Dar es Salaam geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National Assembly now meets there on a regular basis

Administrative divisions	26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West

Independence	26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

National holiday	Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

Constitution	25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Legal system	based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage	18 years of age; universal

Executive branch	chief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001) note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was reelected to that office on 30 October 2005 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 14 December 2005 (next to be held in December 2010); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote - Jakaya KIKWETE 80.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 11.7%, Freeman MBOWE 5.9%

Legislative branch	unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (274 seats; 232 members elected by popular vote, 37 allocated to women nominated by the president, 5 to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; to serve five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 December 2005 (next to be held in December 2010) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 206, CUF 19, CHADEMA 5, other 2, women appointed by the president 37, Zanzibar representatives 5 Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 30, CUF 19; 1 seat was nullified with a rerun to take place soon

Judicial branch	Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)

Political parties and leaders	Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]; Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered); Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREME]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Political pressure groups and leaders	NA

International organization participation	ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-6, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Ombeni Yohana SEFUE chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408

Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Michael L. RETZER embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (22) 2666-010 through 2666-015 FAX: [255] (22) 2666-701, 2668-501

Flag description	divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue

Economy - Tanzania:
Economy overview	Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for almost half of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzanias out-of-date economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Long-term growth through 2005 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported real GDP growth of nearly 6% in 2006.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$29.62 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$13.13 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	5.8% (2006 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp	$800 (2006 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 43.3% industry: 17.7% services: 39% (2006 est.)

Labor force	19.35 million (2006 est.)

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate	NA%

Population below poverty line	36% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 30.1% (1993)

Distribution of family income gini index	38.2 (1993)

Inflation rate consumer prices	5.9% (2006 est.)

Investment gross fixed	19% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget	revenues: $2.431 billion expenditures: $3.001 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)

Public debt	30.5% of GDP (2006 est.)

Agriculture products	coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries	agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); diamond, gold, and iron mining, salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer

Industrial production growth rate	8.4% (1999 est.)

Electricity production	2.562 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity consumption	2.383 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity exports	0 kWh (2004)

Electricity imports	0 kWh (2004)

Oil production	0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil consumption	23,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil exports	NA bbl/day

Oil imports	NA bbl/day

Oil proved reserves	0 bbl (1 January 2005)

Natural gas production	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas proved reserves	22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Current account balance	-$906 million (2006 est.)

Exports	$1.831 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports commodities	gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Exports partners	China 8.9%, India 8.8%, Netherlands 6.2%, Japan 5.4%, Zambia 4.7%, UAE 4.3%, Germany 4.2% (2006)

Imports	$3.18 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports commodities	consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil

Imports partners	South Africa 10%, China 9.6%, Kenya 8%, India 6.9%, UAE 6.1%, US 4% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$2.375 billion (2006 est.)

Debt external	$4.61 billion (2006 est.)

Economic aid recipient	$1.2 billion (2001)

Currency code	Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Exchange rates	Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002)

Communications - Tanzania:
Fiscal year	1 July - 30 June

Telephones main lines in use	169,135 (2007)

Telephones mobile cellular	6.72 million (2007)

Telephone system	general assessment: fair system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; small aperture terminal (VSAT) system under construction domestic: trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital international: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations	AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)

Television broadcast stations	3 (1999)

Internet country code	.tz

Internet hosts	8,609 (2006)

Internet users	384,300 (2005)

Transportation - Tanzania:
Airports	124 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 11 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 113 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 33 (2006)

Pipelines	gas 254 km; oil 872 km (2006)

Railways	total: 3,690 km narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,721 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)

Roadways	total: 78,891 km paved: 6,808 km unpaved: 72,083 km (2003)

Waterways	Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; rivers not navigable (2005)

Merchant marine	total: 9 ships (1000 GRT or over) 24,801 GRT/31,507 DWT by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 4 registered in other countries: 2 (Honduras 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2006)

Ports and terminals	Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Zanzibar City

Military - Tanzania:
Military branches	Tanzanian Peoples Defense Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service (2007)

Military service age and obligation	18 years of age for compulsory military service upon graduation from secondary school; 15 years of age for voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, includes civic duties (2006)

Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 7,422,869 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 3,879,630 (2005 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 393,611 (Burundi), 150,112 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2006)

Military expenditures percent of gdp	0.2% (2005 est.)

Disputes international	Tanzania still hosts more than a half-million refugees, more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international communitys efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant